In 2019, swarms of drones and cruise missiles struck vital energy facilities in Saudi Arabia, temporarily halting a large part of the kingdom’s oil production and sending shockwaves through energy markets. Tehran denied direct involvement, but the geopolitical reality was undeniable.
Fast forward to June 2025: after a series of US military strikes on Iranian nuclear sites, Tehran launched a barrage of missiles at Qatar, most intercepted by Qatar’s integrated air and missile defence systems. Iran framed this as a measured, coordinated exchange. The Qatari government – whose sovereign territory was targeted – fundamentally disagreed.
